Advances In Biomedical Science And Technology Science Essay

Advances In Biomedical Science And Technology Science Essay Because of the advances in biomedical science and innovation, mammalian cloning has, over the most recent 13 years, become plausible. This previously went to the publics consideration with the exposure encompassing the production of Dolly the sheep in 1997. Through the procedure of HSCNT(Human Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer), many mammalian life forms have been cloned and conveyed to term. Be that as it may, the procedure is in no way, shape or form immaculate as not exclusively do various undeveloped organisms fall flat, however a large number of those conceived have noteworthy birth deserts, some of which just become known later being developed. To this date, no effective human conceptive cloning has happened. None the less, fast advances in innovation recommend that human cloning will be dependable within a reasonable time-frame. This acknowledgment has prompted an extraordinary discussion about moral and human rights issues which must be adjusted against the more comprehensively useful parts of logical progression. A massive measure of individuals accept that cloning totally meddles with moral and human rights. This is fairly because of the way that cloning in creatures has not been 100% powerful. Creatures have been cloned before however a large number of them have had birth deformities and short life expectancies. Cart the sheep turned into a logical sensation when her introduction to the world was reported in 1997. Her moderately early passing in February 2003 powers the discussion about the morals of cloning research and the drawn out soundness of clones. [Science Museum.org; no name reference] Although Dolly lived to be a grown-up, she was one of 227 endeavors to endure this long. This indicated the wastefulness and confusions of cloning. Hundreds, if not thousands, of endeavors are important to deliver only one suitable clone. By and large, only 3% of endeavors succeed. (Vergoff:2001) The way that a large number of the clones (created trying to deliver only one clone) don't live mirrors the explanation that individuals think cloning is remorseless. Antoher reason that they may think cloning is innapropriate is on the grounds that when looking at atomic created undeveloped organisms and incipient organisms delivered during sexual generation, a noteworthy number of the cloned incipient organisms bomb where as not all that numerous characteristic incipient organisms do. On account of this reality, standard researchers concur that because of the exceptionally low achievement paces of regenerative cloning in creatures, this innovation isn't fitting for application to people. The side of the open that feels human cloning isn't right is additionally against it for reasons other than the clones not being dependably useful. As per them, cloning people is dishonest, heartless and immoral.'[Students for understudies: 2010] The procedure is viewed as simply replicating the indistinguishable qualities, which implies it will diminish the decent variety of qualities. To lay it out plainly, as a human one is intended to see the distinctions in others and cloning would dispense with this. Individuals would not be totally remarkable. These individuals likewise question the assessment of certain guardians. They get that if a parent has a kid whose kidneys fall flat, that they would clone their kid as to give one of their recently cloned childs kidneys to their own youngster. Be that as it may, one could then question whether it would not be unusual to out of nowhere have two indistinguishable kids. This is the place character is brought to consideration. Albeit human cloning is the procedure by which a precise hereditary reproduction is made of an individual, this doesn't, really, mean a similar character, or individual, would develop.(Cadena:2007) The inquiry that stands is whether the clone is mediocre and diverse to the overall population or not. Most don't care for cloning as it will isolate us into two distinct gatherings: people and clones. Aldous Huxley mirrors his perspective in his book, Brave New World from a humorous perspective. He shows his perspective on the future with human cloning in a negative manner. The epic is set in London in the years that Huxley calls A.F. which represents after Ford. Henry Ford is the engineer of the mechanical production system method of large scale manufacturing and the large scale manufacturing infers cloning in this sense. Toward the start of the novel, the chief of an inside called Hatcheries and Conditioning is taking a gathering of youthful understudies on a visit around one of the labs. He gives them how individuals are uniquely designed and put into various social stations which were practically similar to various social groups(minus the way of life). He at that point drives them to an uncommon room where the people are programmed. A typical expression that the indoctrinated characters state all through the novel is Put your arms around meHug me till you tranquilize me, honey Kiss me till Im in a trance like state. Embrace me nectar, snuggly [Lenina, Chapter 13, pg. 194] His epic identifies with the discussion of cloning as it mirrors his concept of a future with human cloning. In spite of the fact that it is sarcastic and outlandish, it makes one inquiry cloning as it shows cloning in a negative manner (all people being the equivalent and placed into classifications). The counter human cloning bunches see the fate of cloning along these lines: dull and indeed, obtuse. Thinking about the above concerns, numerous individuals despite everything accept that human cloning is totally valuable. This is on the grounds that there are an amazing number of positive results of human regenerative cloning. On the lighter, appreance side: Dr. Richard Seed, one of the main advocates of human cloning innovation, proposes that it might some time or another be conceivable to invert the maturing procedure in light of what is found out from cloning. Also, cloning could better corrective techniques such a bosom inserts. This is on the grounds that with the new technolog, specialists will have the option to create things, for example, fat, bone and cartialage that coordinates the patients precisely. On the more genuine side, researchers may one day have the option to treat individuals that have had respiratory failures by cloning their typical heart cells and putting them in the harmed regions of their heart, give casualties of mishaps which cause any pieces of their bo dy to become twisted their unique face includes back through cloning(limbs for amputees might be regernerated) and even give ladies searching for bosom augumentations embeds equivalent to their ordinary tissues so as to forestall them ferom getting sick. By and large, one conveys 8 inadequate qualities within them which cause them to become wiped out when they would somehow stay sound. With human cloning and its innovation it might be conceivable to guarantee that we no longer endure in view of our deficient qualities. [Smith, S] Many perilous sicknesses, for example, malignancy, leukimea, kidney disappointment and liver disappointment could be removed because of cloning. Ont operation of this, cloning innovation can test for and perhaps even fix hereditary illnesses. Propnents of cloning likewise recommend it might fill in as a treatment for fruitlessness, permitting the individuals who can't/can no longer replicate to give qualities to people in the future. [Kolehmainen,Sophie] A great deal of guardians consider human conceptive cloning as a method of sparing childrens lives. There are a lot of instances of what could occur later on after human regenerative cloning starts: If a couple gets barren subsequent to having one youngster, they would have the option to clone their kid to have a subsequent one. Guardians additionally express that they would discover human cloning benefficial as though they lost their kid in a mishap, they could get their ideal infant back.(Smith, S) The general mentality of this gathering of individuals is the reason not? On the off chance that an individual can be spared from leukemia, for what reason would anybody want to prevent this from occurring? Regardless of this inquiry there is as yet a discussion in which numerous different variables contribute. A case of one of these is religion. Numerous in the Western countries wonder whether clones would have a spirit. They likewise question whether it is playing God or not if people make instead of normally imagine. Numerous gatherings have freely objected to human conceptive and human helpful cloning. These incorporate strict associations, for example, the Catholic Church, who object to these advancements. [Werts, D, C: 2002] Go on about regulation.(cant be expanded all inclusive) Many gatherings have freely objected to human conceptive and human remedial cloning. Ask father In spite of the fact that there are numerous negatives to do with human conceptive cloning, it is normal that it will happen later on. This is on the grounds that there are such a significant number of bennifits of this cloning encompassing clinical purposes. By and by, I stress over what a future with human regenerative cloning will hold. As I would see it, I figure it would be perfect if, later on, cell cloning could be utilized for clinical purposes just and not human conceptive cloning for reasons, for example, barrenness as this would be corrupt. In any case, quite possibly cloning won't occur later on and this would most likely be ideal. We are people and we can't change the way that a few of us can't have youngsters or foresee the day we are going to bite the dust. This is the lifestyle and to me, cloning people thusly doesn't appear to be correct. All things considered, the subject holds a discussion that will proceed for a significant stretch of time before any choices are made. and so forth

History week6 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History week6 questions - Essay Example The New World victory yielded new grounds, wealth and slave work which set-off an imperialistic appetite that spread to Africa. It was nearer, bigger and the locals from that landmass were favored as slaves over the locals of the Americas. The Europeans immediately asserted ward over most locales of Africa and Turkey also. The British vanquished India and modernized its economy however it was to their own advantage. In spite of the fact that this pattern was hindered by the purges of the 1700s and 1800s mechanical, social and political transformations, European countries readopted the procedure moving into the twentieth century, acquainting enough affable distress with trigger the world’s first World War. By the mid nineteenth century, the New World riches had been all around ravaged and it was generally expected that the slaves radiating from that point could spread new maladies in Europe or agreement European infections and kick the bucket themselves. Africa was an appealing objective to extinguish the Europeans’ new ache to make far-away realms and control domains that held the crude materials expected to keep up and develop their prosperous economies which were based upon imperialistic strategies. New domains likewise implied the chance to exchange with new markets. By the mid nineteenth century, the triumph for Africa was well in progress. Picking up and controlling new regions outside the first nation was advocated by numerous clarifications. A specific measure of national pride energized the longing for an expansionist plan. Acquiring new provinces was broadly seen as a check of a nation’s worldwide noticeable quality. Another legitimization depended on the pervas ive bigot disposition. â€Å"Europeans felt that they were better than Africans† (McDougal-Littell, 1999). Church authorities and teachers energized colonialism in light of the fact that the locals of vanquished domains could be all the more handily forced to change over to Christianity. The British East India Company possessed tremendous tracts of land and was the

Setting up and Managing a Data Warehouse

Setting up and Managing a Data Warehouse © Shutterstock.com | Andrey VPData warehousing is the use of relational database to maintain historical records and analyze data to understand better and improve business. In this article, we will look at 1) what is a data warehouse? 2) Data warehouse integration process, 3) setting up a data warehouse, 4) data warehouse components, 5) data warehouse backup, storage and tools, and 6) management tool providers for data warehousing.WHAT IS A DATA WAREHOUSE?Data warehouse databases are designed for query and analysis, not transactions. The data that is collected from various sources is separated into analytic and transaction workloads while enabling extraction, reporting, data mining and a number of different capabilities that transform the information into actionable, useful applications.The main data warehouse structures as listed in Docs.oracle.com are the basic architecture, which is a simple set up that allows end-users to directly access the data from numerous sources through the warehouse, a second architecture is a warehouse with a staging area that simplifies warehouse management and helps with cleaning and processing the data before it is loaded into the warehouse. And finally there is the architecture with both a staging area and a data mart. Data marts are used to create and maintain custom categories in organizations with specialized database designed for specific businesses, so for example if an organization had a data warehouse for sales, separate from advertising, then the data mart setup would best serve their needs.To further understand a data warehouse, it is important to look at its characteristics, which are subject orientation, integration, non-volatility, and time variance.Subject Oriented: This refers to when data is giving information on a particular subject. For example, a company could use data to analyze their company’s marketing data, and it’s effectiveness. The devotion of a data warehouse to a specific matter is the key componen t of a subject-oriented warehouse.Integrated: This is when data gathered from a number of disparaging sources, and then all gathered into a coherent whole. By organizing differing data into consistent formats, companies can resolve problems and inconsistencies among units of measurement and promote better results.Nonvolatile: This refers to data that remains stable and unaffected by new developments. Once entered into the system, this data should not change, ensuring comparison analysis over a long period of time.Time Variant: This refers to data gathered is identified with a particular time period and focuses on change over time. By using a large amount of data, spread over a long time period, analysts can decipher patterns, and business relationships that would have otherwise been overlooked. DATA WAREHOUSE INTEGRATION PROCESSThe whole purpose of data mining is to facilitate business analysis. And to accomplish this, raw data must be arranged and consolidated into an information b ase usable by the firm. This process is referred to as ETL (Extract, Transform, Load), which though it may seem like specified steps, is in opposition referring to a broader concept.ExtractionThis step in the process refers to removing the data from its source and making it accessible for further processing. All the needed data is retrieved without affecting the source system’s performance, response time or locking in a negative manner. This first step in the ETL process usually involves a cleaning phase in which data quality is ensured through data unification. The rules of unification should include things such as making identifiers unique such as gender categories, phone number, and zip code conversions into standard form and validation of address fields converted into the proper format.TransformationThis step applies a set of rules to change source data into similar dimensions so the same units of measurement can be used. This transformation step also joins data from a variet y of sources, generates aggregates, surrogate keys and applies validation and new values.LoadingThe loading phase is a two-part process of disabling constraints and indexes before the load process starts and then enables them once the load is completed. In this step, the target of the load process is often a database.SETTING UP A DATA WAREHOUSEThe main purpose of a data warehouse is to organize large amounts of stable data to be easily retrieved and analyzed. So when setting up, care must be taken to ensure the data is rapidly accessible and easily analyzed. One way of designing this system is with the use of dimensional modeling, which allows large volumes of data to be efficiently queried and examined. Since much of the data in warehouses is stable, that is, unchanging, there is hardly a need for repetitive backup methods. Also, once new data is loaded it can be updated and backed up right away by way of, in some cases, the data preparation database, so it becomes available for ea sy access.  According to Wisegeek.org, there are four categories of data warehousing tools; these are extraction, table management, query management and data integrity tools.  All these tools can be used in the setup and maintenance of the best technology to manage and store the huge amounts of data a company collects, analyzes and reviews.Company AnalysisThe first step, in setting up the company’s data warehouse, is to evaluate the firm’s objectives, For example, a growing company might set the objective to engage customers in building rapport. By examining what the company needs to do to achieve these tasks, what will need to be tracked, the key performance indicators to be noted and a numeric evaluation of the company’s activities the company can note and evaluate where they need to get started.Existing System AnalysisBy asking customers and various stakeholders pointed questions, Business Intelligence leaders can gather the performance information they currently have in place that is or isn’t effective. Reports can be collected from various departments in the company, and they may even be able to collect analytical and summary reports from analysts and supervisors.Information modeling of core business processesAn information model is conceptual, and allows for one to form ideas of what business processes need to be interrelating and how to get them linked. Since the data warehouse is a collection of correlating structures, creating a concept of what indicators need to be linked together to create top performance levels is a vital step in the information modeling stage. A simple way to design this model is to gather key performance indicators into fact tables and relate them to dimensions such as customers, salespeople, products and such.Design and TrackOnce all those concepts are set in place, the next critical step is to move data into the warehouse structure and track where it comes from and what it relates to. In this phase of design, it is cr ucial to plan how to link data in the separate databases so that the information can be connected as it is loaded into the data warehouse tables. The ETL process can be pretty complex and require specialized programs with sophisticated algorithms, so the right tools have to be chosen at the right, and most cost effective price for the job. Because the data is to be tracked over time, the data will need to be available for a very long period. However the grain (atoms or make up) of the data will defer over time, but the system should be set that the differing granularity is still consistent throughout the singular data structure.Implementation of the planOnce the plan is developed, there is a viable basis for scheduling the project. Because the project is grand, there should be phases of completion scheduled and then fit together upon completion. With careful planning, the system can provide much-needed information on how factors work together to help the organizations activities.Upd atesSince the data warehouse is set to retain data for long stretches at many levels of granularity and has already been set to be consistent throughout the system, in the design phase of the warehouse setup, there can be various storage plans that tie into the non-repetitive update. As an example, an IT manager could set up a week and monthly grain storage systems. In the day grain, data is stored in its original format for 2-3 years, after which it is summarized and moved to the weekly grain structure where it could remain for another 3-5 years and then finally to a monthly grain structure. Of course, this can all be set at the design phase to work with the different grains based on data age and be done automatically.DATA WAREHOUSE COMPONENTSSo as was the case in the design and set up phase of the warehouse, data was merged from varying sources into a single related database. And so far we have seen that the point of creating this warehouse structure is to retrieve information fas ter and more easily so a firm can market faster, create more revenue, improve service standards and manage industry changes. www.enicn.com reports that there is usually a mixture of current, instant, and unfiltered data streamed alongside more structured data, so there needs to be implemented a system of management of the various components.Load managementLoad management refers to the collection of information from varying internal and external sources and summarizing, manipulating and changing the data into a format that allows for analysis. To manage the load, raw data must be kept along with the changed versions to enable construction of different representations as needed.Warehouse managementWarehouse management is the day-by-day management of a data warehouse that ensures the information is available and effectively backed up and secure.Query ManagementQuery management allows access to the warehouse contents and may even include the tasks of separating information into various categories to be presented to different users. Users may access information through query tools or custom built applications.  DATA WAREHOUSE BACKUP, STORAGE TOOLSLike any other program, data warehouses can be tedious to design create and implement, so special measures should be in place to ensure the information is not lost.Backup and restorationAn automatic system should be put in place to ensure the information is secure and that if needed data can be restored quickly and with little or no negative alterations. The first and most vital step is to ensure the original information source is backed up and then following that a weekly backup of the entire warehouse as it could prove costly to have to recreate the entire system from scratch. The use of cold and multiplexing backup systems will ensure less need for restoration. However, a disaster recovery site should be made available for copies of all key system components. The simplest way to achieve this is using a system that auto matically creates copies and sends them to the disaster site. But there are systems that can copy hybrid database systems and create the backup if that is needed as well.Online and Offline storageData storage should be done both online and offline to avoid overwhelming the system or having “disk full” issues. With the system setup to store data in different granularity settings, one could stash older, raw data and unused or rarely used reports and multimedia offline. The implementation of hierarchical storage management (storing files automatically to a secondary source while allowing users access,) is a smart move after implementing the data warehouse setup.Storage ToolsThere are a few tools being created to rectify the storage issues that occur with data warehouses.Storage Manager takes care of all the storage objects such as file systems, database, network intelligence devices and disk and tape arrays. This system also collects data about data, performs administrative duties and among other things let you see the health of your data warehouse.Storage Optimizer is another product that can be used for recommendations of actions that will remove hot spots and improve online performance and reliability. It will also include actions to take for offline storage based on historical patterns.Storage Planner enables planning for large online and offline database capacity. This program focuses on large, international databases and warehouses.MANAGEMENT TOOL PROVIDERS FOR DATA WAREHOUSINGBusiness Objects Data IntegrationPreviously known as Actaworks, the data integration and ETL tool, is mainly used for data warehouse creation and building data mart architectures. A component of the Business Objects Business Intelligence suite, called Data Integrator, provides a user with opportunity of extraction and integration of data for analysis and reporting, as well as transforming and loading batch data (processing program that takes input and produces output files) from flat-file (database that when not in use is stored as an ordinary, nonindexed file). According to Help.sap.com, this program has three components Designer, Repositories and Job Savers.IBM WebSphere DataStage ETL ServicesThe highlights of this product boast that it allows for delivery of information from multiple sources, in multiple formats, no matter what volume, or time frame is required for processing. Another integration and transformation choice for IT specialist, this product claims to enable consistent rule application across various data structures.Ab Initio Software Corporation analysis, manipulation and processingThis software is for data processing applications provided through a user-friendly platform that takes care of data analysis, batch processing, data manipulation, extraction, transformation and loading processes. This kind of software is good for credit card networks, stock exchange businesses, banks, government agencies, insurance companies and Internet adverti sing organizations.SQL Server Integration Services warehouse building and managementAnother data integration platform is SQL Server Integration Service. It allows users to build enterprise-level data integration and transformation solutions. Integration services offer problem solving through email files, data warehouse updates, data mining, cleaning, and management. This program has automatic built-ins that perform tasks and manage the various packages embedded in the system and can be run without prior coding knowledge or expertise to create advanced business solutions. The other brilliant benefit of the SQL Server Integration Services program is that it covers a wide range of Business Intelligence needs without the need for expensive add-ons or learning new skills, because the skills needed to work with the product on the cloud and on the company’s premises are the same.

Nursing Care Plan For Nursing - 3666 Words

Nursing Care Plan Student: Caitlin Dade Course: NURS 101L Date: 8/01/14 Instructor: Mr. Hocevar Patient Initial: O.D. Age: 43 Height/Weight: 188lbs/5’5† Unit: Medical Surgery Room# 4210 Code Status: Full Code Allergies: NKDA Temp (C/F Site) Pulse (Site) Respiration Pulse Ox (O2 Sat) Blood Pressure Pain Scale 1-10 Temp (C/F Site) Pulse (Site) Respiration Pulse Ox (O2 Sat) Blood Pressure Pain Scale 1-10 97.2 F orally 110 BPM radial 21 RR 97% RA 109/60 mmHg 0/10 History of Present Illness including Admission Diagnosis Relevant Physical Assessment Findings(normal abnormal) Relevant Diagnostic Procedures/Results Surgeries (include dates, if not found state so) O.D. is a 43 year old Hispanic female who was brought into the emergency room (ER) by an ambulance because she was having another episode of gynecologic hemorrhage. She has uterine fibroids, which are benign tumors so these cause her to bleed excessively. She could not get her self to stop bleeding so her son called the paramedics (911) and they came and picked her up. She lost so much blood during this hemorrhage incident. O.D. is awake, alert, oriented to person, place, event, and time. The female patient speaks Spanish but she can speak basic English and I am able to communicate with her without an interpreter. 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Following his surgery, his future management was evaluated and it was decided that he would be transferred to the Palliative Care ward since he could not be discharged home. The palliative assessment of Smith would require theRead MoreEvaluation Of The Nursing Care Plan1229 Words   |  5 PagesIndirect care is delegated by the nurse to a different provider or accomplished on behalf of the patient such as an interdisciplinary partnership. Other interventions available to the nurse include independent, dependent, and collaborative. Implementing the â€Å"doing† step includes monitor versus q4h which means â€Å"every 4 hours†; teaching the potential complications of hypertension to instill the importance of maintaining Na re strictions, teaching the patient about the amount of sodium restriction,Read MoreEssay on Nursing Care Plan2695 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: A nursing diagnosis identifies an actual or potential response of a patient to a health problem (Jones 2009). Nursing diagnoses are important because they provide the foundation for the selection of nursing interventions (Walton 2008). This care plan is the concluding half to the initial care plan that identified nursing diagnoses and goals with the aim of promoting the holistic wellbeing, mental health, and independence of a 68 year old Mr. Bertoli who has returned home from hospitalRead MoreEssay Nursing Care Plan1805 Words   |  8 PagesNursing Critique Since the early 1900’s nurses have been trying to improve and individualise patient care. In the 1970s this became more structured when the nursing process was introduced by the general nursing council (GNC), (Lloyd, Hancock Campbell, 2007) .By doing this their intentions were to try and understand the patient in order to give them the best care possible (Cronin Anderson, 2003). Through the nursing process philosophy care plans were written for patients. It was understoodRead MoreThe Care Plan For The Nursing Home1296 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen referred to the nursing home by his son and daughter-in-law because he had been diagnosed with dementia which made his family members unable to provide him 24/7 care that David would need. After his admission in the nursing home, his care plan manager holistically assessed all the needs and preferences by asking him and his son and daughter-in-law. The resources were identified such as his preference to eat vegetarian food and visit C hurch during weekends. The care plan manager set targets whileRead MoreNursing Care Plan and Specimens Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis and Action Plan: Adams 5, Inpatient Rehab Unit Savetria Nicole Palmer Walden University NURS 2006 Section 13, Topics in Clinical Nursing September 21, 2014 Quality is a broad term that encompasses various aspects of nursing care (Montolvo, 2007). The National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators [NDNQI] is the only national nursing database that provides quarterly and annual reporting of structure, process, and outcome indicators to evaluate nursing care at the unit level (MontolvoRead MoreNursing Care Plan: Impaired Parenting1414 Words   |  6 PagesImpaired Parenting is a nursing diagnosis that should be considered for all parents who are having a child. There are many classes available to new parents that can be taken before childbirth takes place. These classes will inform parents how to take care of their newborn child, as well as, mentally prepare each family member what their role will be with the birth of their new child. The National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome says that in 2003, 1,300 infants in the United States died from beingRead MoreNursing Theory Plan of Care Essay2122 Words   |  9 PagesNursing Theory Plan of C are Theoretical Foundations of Practice NUR/513 March 05, 2012 Nursing Theory Plan of Care Ida Orlando literally wrote the book on the function of nursing. Her theory of the deliberative nursing process outlines a dynamic nurse-patient relationship in which the nurse uses his or her senses of perception together with deliberate actions to create an individualized care plan for each patient. Results of current research on the application of her theory followRead MoreEssay on nursing care plans example2103 Words   |  9 Pagesand compliant with treatment Place of birth: USA. Cultural background: American. Social activities: cooks when she is bored, raking in the garden. Community Resources utilized: no need. Other pertinent data: no. 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Whats a Byssal Thread

If youve been to the beach, youve probably noticed black, oblong shells on the beach. They are mussels,  a type of mollusk, and are a popular seafood. In them, they have bysall or byssus threads.   Byssal, or byssus, threads are strong, silky fibers that are made from proteins that are used by mussels and other bivalves to attach to rocks, pilings or other substrates. These animals produce their byssal threads using a byssus gland, located within the organisms foot. Mollusks can move slowly by extending a byssal thread, using it as an anchor and then shortening it. The byssal threads from some animals, such as the pen shell, were once used to weave into a golden cloth. To seafood enthusiasts, these threads are known as the animals beard, and are removed before cooking. Most of the time, they are gone by the time you find the shells washed up on the beach. Fun Facts About Mussels What exactly are mussels, and what role do they play in the marine ecosystem? Here, a few fun facts to know about these creatures: Mussels form large colonies by attaching to each other using their byssal threads.The word mussel refers to the edible bivalves of its family, Mytilidae. It is often found along the exposed shores of intertidal zones. They are called bivalves because of the two  identical hinged shells, which are also called valves.  Mussels are related to clams.Some species of mussels live in the hydrothermal vents that are found in deep ocean ridges.Their shells can be brown, dark blue or black; inside, they are silvery.A mussels byssal thread can be used as a defense mechanism to capture predatory mollusks that attack mussel beds.  Mussels are found in both saltwater and freshwater ecosystems.Both types of mussels in freshwater and saltwater feed on microscopic sea organisms including plankton. Their food floats freely in the water.  They are available in male and female varieties.The mussels that humans eat are broken up into 17 species; the most common types of mussels humans consume inc lude M.  galloprovincialis, Mytilus edulis, M. trossellus,  and  Perna canaliculus.When preparing them, you can steam, smoke, roast, boil, barbecue, or fry them. Make sure they are still alive just before cooking to avoid food poisoning. Experts advise not to eat mussels from the West Coast of the U.S. in the warmer months due to possible contamination from planktonic organisms.Nutritionally, mussels provide an excellent source of folate, selenium, vitamin B12, and zinc.The byssal threads that help the animals attach to surfaces have been studied as glue substances for industrial and surgical arenas. They have offered insight into how artificial tendons can be created in the medical field.  In addition to humans, the following creatures eat mussels: starfish, seabirds, ducks, raccoons, and otters.

Globalisation in Terms of Social and Economic Trends Free Essays

Globalisation is not a single phenomenon. It has become a catch-all concept to describe a range of trends and forces changing the social and economic structures of the world. Globalisation may be defined as ‘becoming or making world-wide†, but it has also been referred to as Westernisation. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalisation in Terms of Social and Economic Trends or any similar topic only for you Order Now Globalisation as argued by Professor Ruud Lubbers, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands, is considered to have a number of distinct elements to it, which include Economic, Technological, Political, Cultural and Environmental. Economically, greater world integration or globalisation has been greatly encouraged since the Second World War, with the introduction of free trade agreements such as GATT (General Agreement on Tariff†s and Trade). Additionally, regional trade agreements have also been developed, which have included ‘single markets† established by the European Community and NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). Technologically, the IT revolution has provided a massive improvements in our ability to store and manipulate data using ever more powerful computers. More important however, is the communication abilities of these computers. The Communications Revolution has resulted in the ‘shrinking† of the world. Politically, it was not until the collapse of the former Soviet Block in the late 1980†³s and the general acceptance of the free market (deregulation) and democracy, coupled with the emergence of the ‘Tiger† economies of the Pacific Rim, that the term globalisation has taken on true significance. Culturally, there has been a spreading of Westernisation, or perhaps more accurately Americanisation through the media of films, television and music. Following the Second World War, the USA fearing the rise of communism, actively encouraged and subsidised the world-wide distribution of films effectively advertising (if only subliminally) the benefits of capitalism and the American Dream. As a consequence to the dilution of cultures, France for example has since introduced legislation requiring radio stations to play a minimum of 40% of music originating from or sung in French. Environmental problems are increasingly becoming global problems. Therefore, countries are no longer able to look at environmental issues in isolation. This has been dramatically illustrated for example by the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl, the depletion of the ozone layer and acid rain over Scandinavia. Countries now need to act collectively (as per the Rio Conference) for there to be any chance of reversing or just slowing the damage being caused to the environment. Globalisation of the economy has not been based purely on free trade but also on the free movement of capital. This has promoted direct foreign investments from one country into another (e.g. massive Japanese investment into the EU, especially the UK) which has had a strong influence on the globalisation of the national economies. As an economic phenomenon, globalisation has resulted in a shift away from a world of distinct national economies to a global economy in which production is distributed internationally and finance is able to flow freely and instantly between countries. Multinational businesses have vast economic powers, whilst institutional investors and financial gurus such as George Soros are capable of influencing the currency rates, economic policies, and interest rates of individual nation states (e.g. September 1992, the UK was forced to leave the European Exchange Rate Mechanism). The framework of rules within which economic activity takes place is increasingly defined within the international framework of organisations such as the WTO (World Trade Organisation), the IMF (International Monetary Fund), the World Bank, the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and G7-8 summits, together with the regional trading blocks such as the European Union and NAFTA. Globalisation is arguably both a cause and a consequence of the information revolution. It is driven by dramatic improvements in telecommunications, exponential increases in computing power coupled with lower costs, and the development of electronic communications and information networks such as the Internet. These communications technologies are helping to overcome the barriers of physical distance. Communities of various types, including NGOs (Non-Government Organisations) which include international interest groups like Amnesty International or Greenpeace, as well as business and labour organisations, now function across national borders. Greenpeace is a prime example: the Shell Brent Spar case illustrated the ability of such internationally organised interest groups to successfully exert commercial and political pressure in multiple countries simultaneously. In turn, social policies affecting individual citizens are becoming more sensitive to international influences, especially when highlighted by the global news media. While globalisation is transferring numerous decisions to the international arena, political and constitutional reforms in many countries involve attempts to decentralise decision-making from central government to more regionally autonomous authorities to cater for a sense of ‘local† identity (e.g. new Labour polices on devolution for Scotland and Wales). These trends appear contradictory, but in practice they are causing the development of new multi-level policy systems. Consequently, borders are becoming increasingly difficult for governments to define and maintain. Therefore, national governments are being forced to redefine their roles, responsibilities and policy relationships. In the same way, multinational companies will find that they will not only have to deal with global trends but also the local laws and customs of their intended markets and manufacturing centres. Globalisation has raised fears that the sovereignty of nation states is being undermined. If sovereignty can be defined as the ability to exercise control without outside interference, then nation states are clearly experiencing diminishing sovereignty. Governments must recognise and work on the assumption that most issues they are required to deal with are affected by or will affect to some extent the international competitiveness of the country. Governments’ own responses to globalisation or the search for joint solutions to global problems have further effects upon sovereignty. Participation in international organisations or the adoption of international agreements puts limits on policy options available to governments. This may even require modifications to long-standing domestic policies and practices. Interdependence is narrowing the degree of domestic policy independence. Unilateral action may not be the most effective way to achieve policy goals. For example, the exploitation of resources such as fisheries would inevitably result in the severe depletion, if not destruction, of common stocks (European Common Fisheries Policy) . Many other important policy goals cannot be met by governments acting alone. In combating environmental problems and international crime etc, the interests of individual nations, therefore, may only be protected by collective action. The competition for international investment encouraged by the activities and mobility of multinational enterprises means that most traditional domestic policies such as education and training, taxation, social protection, economic regulation and labour legislation have become international. Even a nation’s domestic management policy is a matter of great concern to its trading rivals, because this will ultimately affect a country†s efficiency and consequently its competitiveness. Government policies must increasingly be made more consistent with or competitive against those of their main trading rivals. This was highlighted by Britain†s decision to opt out of the Social Chapter of the Maastricht Treaty. Monetary and fiscal policy decisions can no longer be taken on the basis of exclusively domestic considerations. Currently more than 10 times the amount of finance needed to support the current volume of world trade, is traded daily on the world currency markets. This means that 90 per cent of that activity could be seen as pure currency speculation. This is far in excess of what central banks can hope to influence through their own interventions, especially in the absence of any joint action. In recent years, the Labour Party in the UK, after four successive election defeats has gradually moved its economic policy broadly in line with that of the current Government. This may be seen as an attempt to gain credibility with the UK electorate but perhaps most importantly, to gain credibility with the International Money Markets which will have the opportunity of voting with their funds! The improvement of communications this century from sailing ship to satellite has contributed directly to the globalisation of the world†s economies and political systems. Technological globalisation of Information Technology has moved across cultural and physical barriers, effectively eliminating the capacity of countries (however draconian) to isolate themselves from the world outside. Despite this, Iran has recently banned the use of satellite television, but control will be difficult, if not impossible, to achieve because the information revolution which has also provided e-mail and the Internet has democratised information. It may seem nonsensical for the need to obtain a visa to physically visit someone to whom you are able to talk to electronically on a daily basis. The result is that free speech and civil liberties are becoming increasingly international. Borders will no longer act as boundaries, especially with respect to information (IT has effectively eliminated the capacity of countries to keep out foreign influences, good or bad) and the flow of finance and crime. Therefore, numerous problems can only be tackled in collaboration with other countries. Ultimately, the goal of globalisation is to achieve a world economy reaping the benefits of additional trade and, consequently, mutual dependency (no two countries with a MacDonalds franchise have ever gone to war with each other!), therefore creating more jobs and prosperity for the participating countries. However, some such as Martin Khor, an economist and director of the NGO Third World Network, believe that free trade within a global market will polarise the poorer countries from the richer nations still further. According to some estimates, the industrialised countries, which make up 20% of the GATT membership, will gain 70% of the additional income arising from the implementation of the Uruguay Round of GATT. The globalisation of trade finance and information is perhaps the tip of the globalisation iceberg. The challenge to governments may be made more acute by a host of other internationalisation†s under-way, which include areas such as crime and population movement (economic refugees). Even if it is considered by some to be less than desirable, the increasing globalisation of the world seems unavoidable. In the long term, little may be gained by nation states resisting the impacts of globalisation, which may ultimately prove to be ineffective and counter-productive. To conclude, the ever-improving technology and consequently communications available to businesses, have enabled the creation of a global economy of production and finance, enabling industry to make use of territorial divisions, playing one country or trade-block off against another to maximise subsidies, savings in taxes, avoidance of anti-pollution regulations and guarantees of political stability and favour. With this, a new political structure is emerging with national sovereignty being an ever-looser concept (illustrated by the gradual and continuing integration of individual nation states into the European Union), which is contributing to the emergence of a phenomenon described by Robert Cox as ‘macro-regionalism†. He considers there to be three macro-regions in the making: Europe based on the European Union; an Eastern Asian sphere centred around Japan; and a North American sphere centred around the USA and looking to embrace Latin America. Perhaps the emergence of these macro-regions is part of a natural evolution towards a truly global state? How to cite Globalisation in Terms of Social and Economic Trends, Essay examples

Comparison Paper of Child of the Americas by Aurora Levin Morales and What’s It Like to Be a Black Girl by Patricia Smith free essay sample

Running Heading: Comparison Paper of Child of the Americas and what it’s like to be a black girl. Comparison Paper of Child of the Americas and what it’s like to be a black girl. Patrice Moody ENG 125 Introductions to Literature Instructor: Duvan Arsola 08/09/2011 Comparison Paper of Child of the Americas by Aurora Levin Morales and what’s it like to be a Black Girl by Patricia Smith The literary works I will compare are â€Å"Child of the Americas† by Aurora Levin Morales and â€Å"What’s It like to be a Black Girl† by Patricia Smith. The works focus on the psyche of two women of African descent, plagued by the historical American public perceptions of their culture. These negative perceptions play an important part of the individual’s psyche due to prejudice. It has misconstrued and distorted the minds of these young African American girls. These poems show how two young girls from different American minority sub-cultures, view themselves in totally different perspectives. One of the young women wishes to identify with the culture and image of her African American ancestor’s slave owners; however the other wishes to embrace and celebrate her African Latino heritage. The poem, â€Å"What’s it like to be a Black Girl†, is a look into the mind of a black girl in a society that is fueled with racism and discrimination, both of race and gender. This person is transitioning from a young black girl into young black women and trying to accept her changing body. She has been taught to be ashamed of who she is, what she looks like, and where she comes from. She wants her features to look like those who are accepted in society. â€Å"It’s being 9 years old and feeling like you’re not finished,† writes Smith, â€Å"like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong. (Smith, 4) What the poem is saying in this passage is this girl sees her body changing right in front of her eyes but she also sees herself as society sees her. She has been taught that what she looks like is wrong. When she says her edges are wild, she is talking about the changes her body is experiencing. The growth of her breasts and the area below that is starting to arouse her. She feels uncomfortable in her own skin. The society in which she lives is not willing to accept and embrace the person’s color. Poetry Explication An explanation in its purest form of â€Å"What it’s like to be a Black Girl (for those of you who aren’t)† by Patricia Smith, is just that, an explanation. From the first three syllables â€Å"First of all,† the author gives a sense of a story being told. She uses jagged sentence structure and strong forceful language to also show the reader the seriousness of her topic. Smiths poem gives the audience an insider’s view into a young black girl’s transition into black woman-hood at a time where both being a black girl and a black woman was not as Welch. Puberty is usually defined by the biological changes a young boy or girl’s body undertakes around the age of 9 up until about 14. â€Å"It’s being 9 years old and feeling like You’re not finished,† writes Smith, â€Å"like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong. † (Smith, 4) These thoughts have run around the minds of almost every puberty stricken youngster. However, Smiths subject seems to also have the added pressures of a racially jagged society. This â€Å"black girl† she refers to in her poem is feeling the awkwardness of her newly changing body and the hope of something different and maybe better to come. The poem tells the story of a young black girl exploring and experiencing what it is to become a black woman in her changing social circle. â€Å"It’s dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them blue and suffering their burn in silence. It’s popping a bleached white mop head over the kinks of your hair and primping in front of the mirrors that deny your reflection. † (Smith, 9) The food coloring in her eyes, and the bleaching of her hair can only symbolize her need to grow into the more â€Å"accepted† form of society, the white skinned, blue eyed, blonde haired men and women of the 1950’s. Where for her, â€Å"it’s flame and fists and life according to Motown† (Smith, 17) meaning the sights and sounds of racial slurs and fighting, along with the rhythmic blues of Motown music. Just the transition of going from a girl to a woman is hard enough, without the added pressures of being accepted due to your hair, color of skin, and taste in music. Between â€Å"jumping double Dutch until your legs pop† and â€Å"growing tall and wearing a lot of white† (Smith, 14) the author also tells us how a young black girl tries to balance her newly formed body, with her still child-like mentality. Part of every young girl’s passage into woman hood includes a great white gown, which she wears on her wedding day. On that day, when she’s joined with a man, a chapter ends and a new one begins. Smith writes about â€Å"having a man reach out for you and caving in around his fingers† which gives the reader and inside look at the submissive mentality women were faced with during that era. Finally, this young black girl is now a woman. Throughout the poem the author has helped us to understand the transition from black girl to black woman. With Smiths’ attention to detail, â€Å"feeling like you’re not finished† (Smith, 2) and â€Å"growing tall and wearing a lot of white† (Smith, 14) the reader is able to follow the incredible changes, both biological and psychological. How did young black women feel toward the mid-1960? What sort of things did young girls think about during that period of change and progression? These, among others, are just some of the answered Smith explained in her poem. The explication or story is simply this: A young black girl’s exploration and experiences while becoming a grown black woman in an era of racial uncertainty